| 1. | In the study titled “Prevalence of pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antibiotics susceptibility in female patients in primary care in Hong Kong”; which are the top 3 uropathogens found in this study in female patient with uncomplicated urinary tract infection? |
| A. | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae. |
| B. | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. |
| C. | Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococcus and Proteus mirabilis. |
| D. | Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Morganella morganii. |
| E. | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. |
| 2. | In the study titled “Prevalence of pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antibiotics susceptibility in female patients in primary care in Hong Kong”; which of the following statement is FALSE? |
| A. | The two current first line empirical antibiotics (co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin) were effective against uncomplicated UTI in most female patients in Family Medicine Clinics. |
| B. | Across all age groups, Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen found in uncomplicated UTI in female patients in this study. |
| C. | Comparing the antibiogram in a nearby hospital, there was no significant difference in the susceptibility of Escherichia coli against co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin in Accident and Emergency Department or Family Medicine Clinics. |
| D. | Comparing an older local study, there was an increase in Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase rate in uropathogen found in uncomplicated UTI in female patients in the current study. |
| E. | In view of the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens, saving Midstream Specimen of Urine (MSU) prior to empirical antibiotics treatment for female patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection is recommended. |
| 3. | Which of the following is NOT the clinical presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis? |
| A. | Nausea. |
| B. | Vomiting. |
| C. | Hemiplegia. |
| D. | Abdominal pain. |
| E. | Shortness of breath. |
| 4. | Which of the following may be ABSENT in patients with SGLT2i-induced diabetic ketoacidosis? |
| A. | Ph<=7.3. |
| B. | Bicarbonate <=15mmol/L. |
| C. | Anion gap >12mmol/L. |
| D. | Blood glucose >=14mmol/L. |
| E. | Ketonuria. |
| 5. | Regarding the recommendations for osteoporosis screening using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), which of the following statement is correct? |
| A. | DXA screening is only necessary for individuals with a history of fragility fractures. |
| B. | Universal DXA screening is recommended for all men aged 65 years and for women aged 60 years. |
| C. | Universal DXA screening is recommended for all men aged 70 years and for women aged 65 years, with consideration for earlier screening if additional risk factors are present. |
| D. | Universal DXA screening is not recommended in Hong Kong. |
| E. | All postmenopausal women are recommended to undergo DXA screening. |
| 6. | Which of the following statements about the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is NOT correct? |
| A. | FRAX is a validated tool, and a Hong Kong-specific FRAX algorithm is available. |
| B. | The Hong Kong algorithm was developed using data from postmenopausal women aged 60 years and older. |
| C. | FRAX can estimate both the 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures for an individual. |
| D. | The fracture risk score calculated from FRAX without inputting the value of bone mineral density (BMD) is also considered to be validated. |
| E. | Individuals with a 10-year major osteoporotic fracture risk of 20% or higher are considered at high risk and should receive pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis. |